ICAO has defined air traffic controller ratings that identify what service(s) the holder is authorised to perform. ICAO also defines some additional training required for surveillance ratings.

ICAO also provides guidance as to the role of surveillance data in relation to specific Air Traffic Services.

ICAO provides no guidance as to the liability of air traffic controllers and national laws will likely determine liability. Clarity can be provided, although not with absolute certainty, if the role of surveillance data in the controller’s duties is clearly defined.

The lack of a clearly defined rule set can also raise safety concerns when there are differences in the expected level of service between pilot and controller. No universal regulation on controller liability means that local national laws will determine liability.